Core modules
The structure of the course reflects the structure of the subject You will take core lecture modules (concentrated mainly in the first two ) which introduce and develop the fundamental concepts such as those of quantum theory and electromagnetism and cover the mathematics used in physics

You will also choose modules from lists of options These are largely concerned with seeing how the basic concepts can explain the phenomena we observe Examples include the light emitted and absorbed by stellar matter and the response of the liquids solids and gases which we meet on a daily basis to the mechanical electrical and thermal forces acting on them

In the first you take essential (core) modules In the second and third there is considerable freedom to choose modules By then you will have a good idea of your main interests and be well placed to decide which areas to study in greater depth In effect you design your own degree

The fourth includes modules on all the main areas of physics It will encourage you to reflect more on some of the unsolved problems in physics than is possible in the first three

Year One
Mathematics for Physicists
All scientists use mathematics to state the basic laws and to analyse quantitatively and rigorously their consequences The module introduces you to concepts and techniques which will be assumed by future modules These include complex numbers functions of a continuous real variable integration functions of more than one variable and multiple integration You will revise relevant parts of the A-level syllabus to cover the mathematical knowledge to undertake first physics modules and to prepare you for mathematics and physics modules in subsequent

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Classical Mechanics and Special Relativity
You will study Newtonian mechanics emphasizing the conservation laws inherent in the theory These have a wider domain of applicability than classical mechanics (for example they also apply in quantum mechanics) You will also look at the classical mechanics of oscillations and of rotating bodies It then explains why the failure to find the ether was such an important experimental result and how Einstein constructed his theory of special relativity You will cover some of the consequences of the theory for classical mechanics and some of the predictions it makes including the relation between mass and energy length-contraction time-dilation and the twin paradox

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Physics Foundations
You will look at dimensional analysis matter and waves Often the qualitative features of systems can be understood (at least partially) by thinking about which quantities in a problem are allowed to depend on each other on dimensional grounds Thermodynamics is the study of heat transfers and how they can lead to useful work Even though the results are universal the simplest way to introduce this topic to you is via the ideal gas whose properties are discussed and derived in some detail You will also cover waves Waves are time-dependent variations about some time-independent (often equilibrium) state You will look at phenomena like the Doppler effect (this is the effect that the frequency of a wave changes as a function of the relative velocity of the source and observer) the reflection and transmission of waves at boundaries and some elementary ideas about diffraction and interference patterns

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Electricity and Magnetism
You will largely be concerned with the great developments in electricity and magnetism which took place during the nineteenth century The origins and properties of electric and magnetic fields in free space and in materials are tested in some detail and all the basic levels up to but not including Maxwell's equations are considered In addition the module deals with both dc and ac circuit theory including the use of complex impedance You will be introduced to the properties of electrostatic and magnetic fields and their interaction with dielectrics conductors and magnetic materials

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Physics Programming Workshop
You will be introduced to scientific programming with the help of the Python programming language a language widely used by physicists It is quick to learn and encourages good programming style Python is an interpreted language which makes it flexible and easy to share It allows easy interfacing with modules which have been compiled from C or Fortran sources It is widely used throughout physics and there are many downloadable free-to-user codes available You will also look at the visualisation of data

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Quantum Phenomena
This module explains how classical physics is unable to explain the properties of light electrons and atoms (Theories in physics which make no reference to quantum theory are usually called classical theories) It covers the most important contributions to the development of quantum physics including wave-particle 'duality' de Broglie's relation and the Schrodinger equation It also looks at applications of quantum theory to describe elementary particles their classification by symmetry how this allows us to interpret simple reactions between particles and how elementary particles interact with matter

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Astronomy
The Universe contains a bewildering variety of objects - black-holes red giants white dwarfs brown dwarfs gamma-ray bursts and globular clusters - to name a few The module introduces these and shows how with the application of physics we have come to know their distances sizes masses and natures The module starts with the Sun and planets and moves on to the Universe as a whole

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Physics Laboratory
The module introduces experimental science and teaches the skills required for successful laboratory work These include how to work with apparatus how to keep a laboratory notebook how to handle data and quantify errors and how to write scientific reports The module also asks you to think critically and solve problems Initial experiments build core skills while later experiments explore important areas of physics

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Year Two
Statistical Mechanics Electromagnetic Theory and Optics
Any macroscopic object we meet contains a large number of particles each of which moves according to the laws of mechanics (which can be classical or quantum) Yet we can often ignore the details of this microscopic motion and use a few average quantities such as temperature and pressure to describe and predict the behaviour of the object Why we can do this when we can do this and how to do it are discussed in the first half of this module

We also develop the ideas of first electricity and magnetism into Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism Establishing a complete theory of electromagnetism has proved to be one the greatest achievements of physics It was the principal motivation for Einstein to develop special relativity it has served as the model for subsequent theories of the forces of nature and it has been the basis for all of electronics (radios telephones computers the lot)

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Quantum Mechanics and its Applications
In the first part of this module you will use ideas introduced in the first module to explore atomic structure You will discuss the time-independent and the time-dependent Schrödinger equations for spherically symmetric and harmonic potentials angular momentum and hydrogenic atoms The second half of the module looks at many-particle systems and aspects of the Standard Model of particle physics It introduces the quantum mechanics of free fermions and discusses how it accounts for the conductivity and heat capacity of metals and the state of electrons in white dwarf stars

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Physics Skills
This module develops experimental skills in a range of areas and includes the design and testing of a functional electronic circuit The module also introduces the concepts involved in controlling an experiment using a microcomputer The module explores information retrieval and evaluation and the oral and written presentation of scientific material

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Mathematical Methods of Physicists
You will review the techniques of ordinary and partial differentiation and ordinary and multiple integration You will develop your understanding of vector calculus and discuss the partial differential equations of physics (Term 1) The theory of Fourier transforms and the Dirac delta function are also covered Fourier transforms are used to represent functions on the whole real line using linear combinations of sines and cosines Fourier transforms are a powerful tool in physics and applied mathematics The examples used to illustrate the module are drawn mainly from interference and diffraction phenomena in optics (Term 2)

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Year Three
Quantum Physics of Atoms
The basic principles of quantum mechanics are applied to a range of problems in atomic physics The intrinsic property of spin is introduced and its relation to the indistinguishability of identical particles in quantum mechanics discussed Perturbation theory and variational methods are described and applied to several problems The hydrogen and helium atoms are analysed and the ideas that come out from this work are used to obtain a good qualitative understanding of the periodic table In this module you will develop the ideas of quantum theory and apply these to atomic physics

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Electrodynamics
You will revise the magnetic vector potential A which is defined so that the magnetic field B=curl A We will see that this is the natural quantity to consider when exploring how electric and magnetic fields transform under Lorentz transformations (special relativity) The radiation (EM-waves) emitted by accelerating charges will be described using retarded potentials and have the wave-like nature of light built in The scattering of light by free electrons (Thompson scattering) and by bound electrons (Rayleigh scattering) will also be described Understanding the bound electron problem led Rayleigh to his celebrated explanation of why the sky is blue and why sunlight appears redder at sunrise and sunset

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Physics Group Project
The researching evaluation and presentation of scientific information are important skills that you used in the 2nd Physics Skills module This project is designed to further develop these skills Your class will be divided into groups each of about six members Each group will then be assigned a topic to be researched and reported on and they will also each be allocated a member of Academic Staff who will act as a both a mentor and an assessor The project will provide you with the chance of studying in-depth some particular field of physics at the research level

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Physics Laboratory
The Physics Laboratory continues your introduction to experimental science and includes an introduction to computer simulations as a form of experimental science It aids the transition from guided laboratory work with constrained experiments to more open experimental investigations It includes experiments such as scanning tunnelling microscopy optical pumping and quantised conductance You are assessed on the reports you submit written in the form of scientific papers using your own results

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Mathematical Methods of Physicists III
You will study the calculus of variations and complex variables The calculus of variations is concerned with the minimisation of integrals over sets of differentiable functions Such integrals crop up in many contexts For example the ground state wavefunction of a quantum system minimises the expectation value of the energy The classical equations of motion for both particles and fields can often be obtained by minimising what is called the action functional (which may be familiar if you took Hamiltonian Mechanics) Requiring functions of complex variables to be analytic (differentiable with respect to their complex argument in some domain) turns out to constrain such functions very strongly As the module shows only the constant function is differentiable everywhere analytic functions are actually equal to their Taylor series and not just approximated by them a function that is once differentiable is differentiable infinitely many times Complex differentiable functions are clean they are fun and they are important in physics For example response functions like the dielectric response function are analytic functions with the domain in which the function is analytic being related to causality

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Year Four
Physics Project
You will work normally in pairs on an extended project which may be experimental computational or theoretical (or indeed a combination of these) Through discussions with your supervisor and partner you will establish a plan of work which you will frequently review as you progress In general the project will not be closely prescribed and will contain an investigative element The project will provide you an experience of working on an extended 'research-like' project in collaboration with a supervisor and partner

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Optional modules
Optional modules can vary from to Example optional modules may include

Condensed Matter Physics
Scientific Computing
The Earth and its Atmosphere
Plasma Physics and Fusion
The Standard Model
Galaxies and Cosmology
Statistical Physics
Physics of Life and Medicine
Black Holes White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars
Fluid Dynamics